Scheduled Tribe

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En Inde, les Scheduled Tribes (en abrégé "ST") sont une catégorie de populations historiquement désavantagées qui bénéficient d'une reconnaissance particulière dans la constitution indienne. Pendant la période du Raj britannique, ils constituaient, avec les Dalit ("intouchables") les Depressed Classes.

Le Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 dresse une liste de 744 groupes ethniques dans 22 États[1].

Les Scheduled Tribes constituent quelque 8,2 % de la population de l'Inde selon le recensement de 2001[2]. Depuis la proclamation de l'indépendance en 1947, la proportion des Scheduled Tribes dans la population du pays a significativement augmenté.

La constitution formule des principes généraux en matière de discrimination positive pour les Scheduled Tribes.

Histoire

A partir des années 1850, les communautés concernées sont désignées sour l'expression "Depressed Classes". Le début du XXe siècle voit se développer toute une activité destinée à évaluer la possibilité d'un gouvernement autonome de l'Inde britannique. The Morley-Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report, and the Simon Commission were some of the initiatives that happened in this context. One of the hotly contested issues in the proposed reforms was the topic of reservation of seats for the "Depressed" Classes in provincial and central legislatures.

In 1935 the British passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. Reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act brought the term "Scheduled Castes" into use, and defined the group as including "such castes, races or tribes or parts of groups within castes, races or tribes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer". This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936 which contained a list, or Schedule, of castes throughout the British administered provinces.

After independence, the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, and gave (via articles 341, 342) the President of India and Governors of states responsibility to compile a full listing of castes and tribes, and also the power to edit it later as required. The actual complete listing of castes and tribes was made via two orders The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950[3], and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950[4] respectively.

Constitutional framework for safeguarding of interests

The Constitution provides a framework with a three pronged strategy [5] to improve the situation of SCs and STs.

  1. Protective Arrangements - Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc. A number of laws were enacted to operationalize the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc.
  2. Affirmative action - provide positive preferential treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education, as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society. Affirmative action is also popularly referred to as Reservation.
  3. Development - Provide for resources and benefits to bridge the wide gap in social and economic condition between the SCs/STs and other communities.

National commissions

To effectively implement the various safeguards built into the Constitution and other legislations, the Constitution, under Articles 338 and 338A, provides for two statutory commissions - the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

History

In the original Constitution, Article 338 provided for a Special Officer, called the Commissioner for SCs and STs, to have the responsibility of monitoring the effective implementation of various safeguards for SCs/STs in the Constitution as well as other related legislations and to report to the President. To enable efficient discharge of duties, 17 regional offices of the Commissioner were set up all over the country.

In the meanwhile there was persistent representation for a replacement of the Commissioner with a multi-member committee. It was proposed that the 48th Amendment to the Constitution be made to alter Article 338 to enable said proposal. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare issued an administrative decision to establish the Commission for SCs/STs as a multi-member committee to discharge the same functions as that of the Commissioner of SCs/STs. The first commission came into being in August 1978. The functions of the commission were modified in September 1987 to advise Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of SCs/STs.

In 1990 that the Article 338 was amended to give birth to the statutory National Commission for SCs and STs via the Constitution (Sixty fifth Amendment) Bill, 1990[6]. The first Commission under the 65th Amendment was constituted in March 1992 replacing the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the Commission set up under the Ministry of Welfare's Resolution of 1989.

In 2002, the Constitution was again amended to split the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate commissions - the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

Répartition

Selon la 61ème Round Survey effectué par la National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), presque 9/10 des bouddhistes en Inde appartiennent à des Scheduled Castes et un tiers des chrétiens appartiennent à des Scheduled Tribes. La majorité des membres des Scheduled Castes sont hindouites mais appartiennent à des castes et groupes ethniques peu nombreux en nombre. Le rapport de 2006 du Sachar Committee confirme de son côté que les membres des Scheduled Castes and Tribes ne sont pas tous hindouistes.

Religion Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe
Bouddhisme 89,5% 7,4%
Christianisme 9% 32,8%
Sikhisme 17% 0,9%
Hindouisme 22.2% 9,1%
Gond - 15,9%
Jainisme - 2,6%
Islam 0,8% 0,5%

Notes et références

  1. ↑ Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, as amended
  2. ↑ Census of India - India at a Glance: Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Population
  3. ↑ THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950]1
  4. ↑ 1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)
  5. ↑ http://nhrc.nic.in/Publications/reportKBSaxena.pdf
  6. ↑ « Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008 », The Constitution Of India, Ministry of Law & Justice (consulté le )

Voir aussi

Liens externes

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